Benzodiazepines For Therapy The Benefits And The Dangers Biology Essay

Benzodiazepines For Therapy The Benefits And The Dangers Biology Essay The benzodiazepine family of drugs is a complex group of substances that have garnered controversy and attention from the media since they broke onto the medical scene in 1957 (Center for Substance Abuse Research, 2005). As with other drugs, more and more people began to use benzodiazepines and negative side effects such as addiction and withdrawal eventually were revealed. (Ashton, 2005, p. 249). Benzodiazepines, however, should not be looked at with a negative connotation. They are relevant and useful medically when used and prescribed responsibly and dependence does not occur (Center for Substance Abuse Research, 2005). Benzodiazepines have both positive and negative aspects that must be examined to form a fair opinion about the drug, its uses and effects. So, what exactly is a benzodiazepine? They are defined by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (2008) as: Any of a class of drug used as antianxiety agents, muscle relaxants, sedatives, hypnotics, and sometimes as anticonvulsants. Under the Controlled Substance Act they are classified as a Schedule IV drug (Benzodiazepines). When someone takes a medication that is a benzodiazepine, they may encounter symptoms such as slurred speech, confusion, feelings of fatigue, and gastrointestinal upset. There are many varieties of benzodiazepines used and prescribed today. These include more popularly known medicines such as Xanax, Valium, and Rohypnol. These substances work as depressants in the body, accounting for their sedative effects (Center for Substance Abuse Research, 2005). When talking about benzodiazepines, it is important to know that no two benzodiazepines are created equally. They are prescribed for different reasons that will be addressed later and present a variety of withdrawal symptoms when dependence occurs. They can be taken in a pill form, shot into the blood stream using a needle, and some can even be taken sublingually. Finally, benzodiazepines are split into two groups: those that are short-acting and those that are long-acting. The latter will linger for much longer in the body (Center for Substance Abuse Research, 2005). The first benzodiazepine was created in a laboratory by scientist Leo Sternback. It was not until nearly thirty years later in the 1950s, that benzodiazepines were marketed for medical use as an anti-anxiety medication (Center for Substance Abuse Research, 2005). Research of the drug created new medications for new uses which grew until the 1970s. By then, benzodiazepines topped every other group of drugs in the world, in the times that it was prescribed. Even though prescriptions have trailed off since then, over-prescription is still seen as troubling to many (Ashton, 2005, p. 249). Benzodiazepines pose benefits for a variety of ailments and disorders. First, they are useful hypnotics for individuals who suffer from insomnia. Like with nearly all cases of benzodiazepine prescription, they should only be taken for a small period of time, with one month being the longest. Benzodiazepines can help with anxiety as well. It should be carefully considered by the doctor that the patient has severe anxiety that is disrupting their life. Again, this should be for the short period of time because benzodiazepines can be highly addictive (Benzodiazepines, 1997). People who have intense panic attacks or strong phobias that are not eased by other methods could be candidates for benzodiazepine prescription (Ashton, 2005, p. 250). Another benefit is that benzodiazepines have been shown to drastically relieve muscle spasms that are caused by epilepsy (Benzodiazepines, 1997). For example, the Epilepsy Foundation of America endorses the use of Valium for emergency, ongoing seizures. It is the gold standard in this situation because Valium is able to go through the blood-brain barrier in a short period of time, saving lives and decreasing the risk of brain damage in the patient (Medicines for Epilepsy). These properties are also useful for people who maybe be going through alcohol withdrawal, where convulsions are a possible risk factor (Ashton, 2005, p. 250). The most important factor when discussing benzodiazepines is having control over the substance. Benzodiazepines stop being beneficial when the patient has to exceed their dosage in quantity or length of time, or they are used no longer for a medical purpose. For example, an individual who uses a benzodiazepine for recreational use, or to help them unwind is not using the drug properly. This can lead to negative effects of the drugs such as addiction, dependence, and losing effectiveness of the drug (Benzodiazepines, 1997). In her article, The Diagnosis and Management of Benzodiazepine Dependence, (2005) Heather Ashton writes Present criteria for substance dependence include tolerance, escalation of dosage, continued use despite efforts to stop and knowledge of adverse effects, other behavioural features, and a withdrawal symptom. Benzodiazepines meet all of these criteria (p. 250). As seen in these few examples, benzodiazepines are a dangerous group of substances. This is especially true when they are not strictly controlled, overprescribed or misused. Being dependent upon benzodiazepines is dangerous because long-term use of these substances can amplify the symptoms they were used to treat. Anxiety problems and depression can be worsened when people overuse benzodiazepines and then begin to experience withdrawal symptoms (Benzodiazepines, 2007). When benzodiazepines are misused and abused for years there is a risk that this person will then have problems with learning new things and paying attention. There is also the risk that people who take benzodiazepines can hurt themselves through accidents because increased dosages of the medicines can put them in an altered state of mind where they are more likely to fall and hurt themselves (Ashton, 2005, p. 250). Over-prescription is a problem in the United States that ranges from pain killers to antibiotics. Benzodiazepines are not exempt from this group. Whether it be from overworked doctors or individuals working the system to gain more and more prescriptions, benzodiazepine abuse leads to dependence (Ashton, 2005, p. 249). The United States Drug Enforcement Administration reported that in 1999 approximately 100 million prescriptions for benzodiazepine drugs were written (Benzodiazepines). All opinions aside, this is an astonishing number. Over-prescription also leads to the problem of the drugs ending up on the streets. Some varieties can even be conveniently found on the World Wide Web (Ashton, 2005, p. 252). Diazepam, better-known by the name Valium, is one of the more popular types of benzodiazepines that are sold illegally. These are potentially dangerous, controlled substances that do not belong on the streets (Benzodiazepines). Why is it that benzodiazepines are so likely to cause dependence? Individuals with no previous problems of abuse can be prescribed for the drugs incorrectly, take the drugs for too long, and find that they are unable to wean themselves away from them (Benzodiazepines: Risks, 1997). Tolerance is usually the number one cause of dependence in users of benzodiazepines. On some occasions the patient may be prescribed one benzodiazepine that after a period of time that can range for weeks or months, stops giving them they affect they need. A second type of benzodiazepine will then be prescribed. In the end this cycle is keeping the patient from receiving helpful treatment for their ailment, and the patient is unable to withdrawal (Ashton, 2005, p. 250). Benzodiazepines are different from other drugs that we may think of when we hear words like dependence and addiction. Unlike street drugs like crack and methamphetamines, benzodiazepines are usually taken by people with no intention of getting a high or fix as previously described. This is a problem that needs to be addressed in our society. What a sad thing that some of our health professionals that we pay so much through insurance or even out of pocket, for whatever reason cannot be responsible enough to look out for the well-being of their patients. The patient may not seek treatment and try to quit taking the medications by themselves. In this instance, the withdrawal symptoms of benzodiazepines are no cake-walk and can include high anxiety levels, convulsions, and delirium (Ashton, 2005, p. 251). People who find that they are dependent upon benzodiazepines do have a high chance of around 80 percent of overcoming it when the process is aided by professionals, and the addict is willing to change (Ashton, 2005, p. 253). Maybe its a stretch, but this could be seen as a possible benefit of the drugs. People trying to get off the drugs are usually administered less and less of them until the doses are completely stopped. In some cases, if the user stops cold-turkey, especially with stronger benzodiazepines, the withdrawal will be much more intense (Center for Substance Abuse Research, 2005).

Feminist Theories on Sexuality

Feminist theorists Camille Paglia and Foucault give opposing views on the topic of women and their sexuality as they addressed topics such as homosexuality and pornography as ways of expressing sexual desires and the role a woman plays in society in reference to her sexuality. Camille Paglia, a graduate of the University of Arts in Philadelphia, America, has strong feminist views in relation to women’s sexual preferences. Paglia is a bi-sexual female, who came from an Italian, Catholic household with an overprotective and strict family. While watching an interview with Paglia, she stated that through her years growing up, as a girl she was expected to follow certain rules and was (like many girls) led to think in a certain manner for situations such as rape, prostitution and sexual desires. Paglia was opposed to this, as was seen in her countless numbers of affairs which she had with women, despite being married to a man. This shows that Camille Paglia is pro-homosexuality. She allowed herself to explore and believed that the dignity and freedom of women could not be gained through the overprotective barriers parents and society puts up. By her supporting lesbianism, it also shows her strong views on her personality and disregard for what society thinks of her. Another point Paglia brought up was that women are never straight forward when it comes to sexual desires. She made reference to this when she discussed the numerous reports on accused rape. Paglia said that many women are provocative, and send wrong â€Å"signals† to guys. They are the cause of the accused â€Å"rape†, yet they are quick to blame the man who simply acts on the woman’s actions. Women report cases of rape for simple hand contact, which is mostly due to the woman’s lead. Women need to express their desires and not feel ashamed of it. Paglia says that women want sex as much as man, whether with a female or male, they should be upfront. Camille also discussed women in pornography. Many women see pornography as a disgrace and disrespectful view towards a woman and her body through these videos, pictures and other forms of porn; however Camille believes that a woman should have the right to portray herself and her sexual desires through any source of media and angle she wants. A woman has full rights to her body and sexual desires and should not be stopped from expressing it. She is against modern feminism because she believes that women have a right to these things, and that women need to stop blaming men and become self reliant, independent and accept that they are differences between men and women that cannot be changed. Women also have pornographic minds, and whilst other feminists will be opposed to women expressing themselves and being involved in prostitution and pornography, she disagrees. Throughout an interview with Camille, she made it very clear that she was pro-pornography, as she mentioned this numerous times to emphasized that women need to be strong on their desires and not be judged on their preferences. (female-female; male-female; male-male). This proves her point that women must be able to accept who they are and have the ability to show it, and not be restricted because of gender barriers and expectations of society. The role of women and their sexual preferences and desires are based on the current situations in society. This point is shown through the theories by Foucault. Through history, culture determined how sexuality was originated. Foucault believed that as time progresses, the idea of lesbianism and bi-sexual relations are growing. These desires are only present because of the new cultures and society that is present now. For example, in the 1800s, women were not allowed to choose their own mates or express their sexuality, and this is still present even now in the 21st century in some areas. The change in this tradition only occurred through time and what was seen as the new norm and custom in the society. The episteme of society determined the sexual desires and preferences in a particular era and the way they think. (Episteme is the way a specific culture approaches the world). Foucault believes that as society transitions, their thoughts and views also change due to the ideology itself shifting. Another point Foucault made was related to sex and women’s role in sex. Sex is seen as a social construct that is constructed through the exercise of power relations. Sexual nature is produced through society. Foucault stated that before, in previous generations, there was never a big focus on sex, whereas now, the desire for sex is increasing and will continue to increase in years to come. The world is culturally constituted and the body is seen materially through the eyes of man. Men use women for sex, and whilst women may think they are equal, men view them as sex objects. Feminists, as mentioned previously, deny having sexual tendencies and sexual preferences, and unlike Camille Paglia, who believes this is false, Foucault agrees with this statement. He relates this statement to his theory that sexual tendencies and desires are based on society’s ideology, rather than natural desires. Like Paglia, Foucault mentioned the role of women through pornography as well. However his views differed from Camille’s as he believes that pornography is an invention by man used to de-humanize women and socially constructs her oppression. He does not believe that women have a desire to produce porn, but instead they are manipulated into thinking that is what they want and they only please men, rather than expressing themselves and pleasing their own self. Foucault’s approach to a woman’s sexuality is based on the views of society and the manipulation in each era, mostly endorsed by man upon women. Camille Paglia believes that men and women have natural qualities and that they should not base their choices on what men demand of them, but on what their desire is whereas Foucault believes a woman’s sexuality is determined on society and the manipulation of men on women in reference to sex and sexual activities and preferences. I agree with Camille Paglia’s theory that women are different from men and must become their own individual, independent and free from reliance on man. A woman must take charge of her body and her sexual desires and not be expected to pretend that they are not naturally inclined towards sex. Camille expresses a pro-pornography mind and I agree that a woman should not be degraded for expressing her desires through pictures, videos or sex itself. Women should be allowed to freely express themselves without being restricted and judged by society and men. Also, as Camille Paglia stated, men should not be blamed for everything, and women should stand up for themselves and show everyone what they want. Camille is also pro-prostitution. A woman has full rights to her body and only a woman can determine what she wants to do with her body. A woman has the right to participate in any sexual act she desires, because it is only her decision. Women are categorized, according to Paglia, as having more emotional and sexual desires than men, but are not able to show it. Paglia’s point of this categorization is to show that women do not express their sexual desires freely because they are not allowed to show it. Whether it is true or not, I agree that a woman should have the freedom of being able to share their â€Å"wants† and â€Å"needs† without having to feel ashamed or self-conscious. Paglia says that the only way for this to happen, is if women begin to stop waiting, and start acting on becoming independent and taking personal responsibility, without blaming other people for your problems or your limitations. Feminist theories on sexuality show the rights of a woman in their ability to express and have sexual desires and preferences, and how they portray these elements. On one hand, Camille Paglia argues that women should take the initiative to become independent and not rely on man, and be free to express their natural sexual desires. On the other hand, Foucault believes that men control women, and a woman’s sexuality is determined on the stage of society and the transitions in the ideology of the culture and society. The both theorists contrast each other in theories in their views on a woman’s sex life. The belief that men construct society is supported by Foucault and opposed by Paglia. Homosexuality is supported by both theorists in different ways. Foucault believes it is due to the transitions in society, where as Paglia believes that it is due to natural inclinations. Their different approaches to women’s sexuality were well analyzed and represent the two different views from feminists. Feminist theories on sexuality vary according to the theorist, and each person has a different view on whether a woman has a right to express her sexuality or whether certain acts are frowned upon when done by a woman because of a woman’s expectations and stereotype.

Redcoats, Patriots and Bunker Hill Essay

As the winter of 1783 drew near, the last of the British troops sailed from New York leaving behind an independent nation. A land destined to be the richest and most powerful state in the galaxy of nations. It is possible that some of the redcoats marching into the dreary ship that cold November day had attacked Bunker Hill eight years ago, and stared at astonishment at the hail of bullets coming their way from the muskets of the patriots. The British had gone on to win the battle but at enormous cost, losing more than half their men. It was supposed to have been an easy battle. Their superiors, the officers of the most powerful army on earth had thought that they would overwhelm the enemy and had opted for a frontal assault, only to see their men mowed down repeatedly by a thinking and able enemy. The Battle of Bunker Hill has been enveloped in hagiography by every American historian as a victory in defeat, an American Dunkirk and as one of the first military engagements of the war of independence. It is all this and much more. Its’ importance in shaping history also lies in the two crucial mental victories it gave to the American troops. First, it changed forever the stereotypical image of the Patriots being a rag tag bunch of homegrown militia who could function adequately only under the competent and trained officers of the British army. Second, it brought immense pride to the Patriots and served as a rallying cry, a force mobiliser for the many engagements that were to happen in the next eight years. The British were confident of their military prowess and with good reason. They had fought the French all over the world in The Seven Years war, which lasted from 1756 to 1763 and â€Å"lock(ed) horns (with them) on every continent where the two had outposts†. (Allan, T., P 100)   They had mobilized troops effectively over vast distances, achieved tremendous expertise in military logistics and training and won brilliant battles. The firepower and strength of their navy enabled them to blockade ports and intercept supplies. Canada and Florida had come to them from the French and the Spanish after the Treaty of Paris and British hegemony extended over huge tracts of the inhabited world. The world was theirs to rule and they were a truly awesome military power. The Patriots were in their eyes a motley group of undisciplined part time soldiers, made up of planters, traders and frontiersmen with very little knowledge of arms and the mechanics of warfare. In America, the colonists had fought alongside the redcoats against the French and the Spanish in The Seven Years War but always under the command of British officers. In fact, they had been badly mauled when the Indians of the Northwest went on the warpath in 1763, and had turned in desperation to the British for succor. â€Å"The colonial militia was unable to master them, and in the end it was British regulars who put down the uprising.† (Allan, T., P 101) Many of the militia had joined only for personal advancement. As Lieutenant Scott, a Bunker Hill veteran was to say later â€Å"I lived in a country town; †¦ I was very ambitious †¦ I was asked to enlist as a private soldier; †¦ I offered to enlist upon having a lieutenant’s commission, which was granted. I imagined myself now in a way of promotion if my captain was killed; I should rise in rank, and should still have a chance to rise higher. These, sir were the only motives of my entering into the service; for as to the dispute between Great Britain and the colonies, I know nothing of it† (Sommers, R.J.) Thus, notwithstanding the small setbacks on their way to Boston, a very confident British army looked ready to overrun Boston in the summer of 1775. As the British ships began to arrive with troops ready for battle, Major General John Burgoyne was to remark â€Å"What! Ten Thousand peasants keep 5000 king’s troops shut up! Well, let us get in and we’ll soon find elbow room.† (Allan, T., P 107) General Thomas Gage, the British Commander in Chief, shared this brashness. A few days before the battle, he had written to say, â€Å"They will undoubtedly be lions whilst we are lambs, but if we take the resolute path they will undoubtedly prove very meek.† (Allan, T., P 108) As day broke on June 17, 1775, about 1200 ill equipped and under trained American soldiers were readied on Breed’s Hill to face the advancing redcoats. As thousands of people watched from the top of churches and houses in nearby Boston, 2500 British troops, supported by heavy cannon fire from the ships attacked the American barricades at three in the afternoon.. The patriots, under the command of Colonel William Prescott let the British come right up the hill before opening fire, practically from where â€Å"they could see the whites of their enemy’s eyes† (Battle of Breed’s Hill/Bunker Hill) Casualties were heavy and the redcoats retreated in consternation. The battle lasted for nearly three hours before American ammunition ran out. The British had to make three charges before they could take the defenses on the hill. The last charge was at bayonet point with the heavily outnumbered Americans fighting with rifle butts and rocks until they were ordered to retreat. One of the last to leave the American lines was, General Joseph Warren. The hero lingered only to lose his life with a gunshot in the temple. The cost to the British was terrible. The hollow victory lost them a thousand men including many officers; nearly forty percent of their total force. The militia lost four hundred.   The British then went on to capture both the hills and Charleston was cannon balled until it burnt to the ground. After Bunker Hill, a chastened Thomas Gage wrote, â€Å"They showed a conduct and spirit against us they never showed against the French, and everybody has judged them from their former appearance and behavior.† (Allan, T., P 108) The British would never forget Bunker Hill. It was the pushover that never was, the small dune on the outskirts of Boston where the Americans proved they could fight. The fighting was to continue for six more years during which time redcoats and patriots were to engage in battle as north as Quebec and as south as South Carolina. Most of the fighting however continued in the broad vicinity of Bunker Hill, on the seaboard between Philadelphia and Boston. At last, on September 3, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed and Britain recognized the independence of its American possessions. The war that had started at Bunker Hill, in the summer of 1775 finally ended. The infant nation stretched from Georgia in the south to the Great Sea in the north, from the Mississippi in the West to the Atlantic in the East. The Bunker Hill Monument stands on Breed’s Hill, in an overdeveloped area in Boston. There is no hint or sign of the redcoats or the patriots who volleyed and bayoneted here more than two hundred years ago. Works Cited Allan, T., ed., â€Å"Winds of Revolution†, History of the World 1700-1800, Time Life Books, (1990), ISBN 07954 0984 8 Battle of Breeds Hill/Bunker Hill, â€Å"Military Science†, WPI, (2004), 21 June 2006, Sommers, Richard J. â€Å"Ambition.† Parameters 30.4 (2000): 171. Questia. 21 June 2006 . Bibliography Allan, T., ed., â€Å"Winds of Revolution†, History of the World 1700-1800, Time Life Books, (1990), ISBN 07954 0984 8 Bailyn, B., â€Å"The Battle of Bunker Hill† The Massachusetts Historical Society, (2003), 21 June 2006, Battle of Breeds Hill/Bunker Hill, â€Å"Military Science†, WPI, (2004), 21 June 2006, Battle of Bunker Hill 1775, HistoryCentral.com. (2004), 21 June 2006, Beard, James Franklin. â€Å"Cooper and the Revolutionary Mythos.† Early American Literature 11.1 (1976): 84-104. Questia. 21 June 2006 . Sommers, Richard J. â€Å"Ambition.† Parameters 30.4 (2000): 171. Questia. 21 June 2006 . Webster, Daniel. Daniel Webster’s First Bunker Hill Oration. New York: American Book Company, 1910. Questia. 21 June 2006 .

The Poetry of Walt Whitman Essay - 1645 Words

Walt Whitman is considered by many to be one of the greatest poets of the nineteenth century. Whitman grew up in New York and was a member of a large family, having eight siblings. Only four of these siblings lived to adulthood. His father was an alcoholic, which led to Whitman becoming more like a father-figure than a brother to his siblings. Whitman quit school at the age of eleven. He then worked as a journalist, as a carpenter, as a teacher, and as an editor before focusing on poetry. Whitman is most well-known for his book of poems, Leaves of Grass. Whitman could not find a publisher interested in his poems; therefore, he published them himself. Whitman rereleased this collection of poems several times, each time with the addition of†¦show more content†¦Whitman deplored slavery and was even fired from his job as an editor for his outspoken views on the subject. Whitman saw Lincoln as someone who wanted to put an end to slavery and as someone who would put his words int o action. Whitman took a great interest in The Civil War. His brother served in the war and Whitman volunteered as a nurse at an army hospital in Washington, D.C., where he dressed the wounds of injured soldiers, as well as read to them, and wrote letters for them to their families. Whitman gave lectures on President Lincoln almost up until his own death. Whitman was greatly disturbed by the assassination of President Lincoln and wrote these poems as a tribute to him. The most popular and the most analyzed of these poems is When Lilacs Last in the DoorYard Bloom’d. Laurie Lanzen writes, â€Å"this is a poem whose rich and sacred beauty and rapture of tender religious passion leave it unique and solitary in literature, and will make it the chosen and immortal hymn of death forever† (Lanzen, 544 ). Even though Whitman never mentions President Lincoln by name in the poem, according to whitmanarchive.org, this poem â€Å"was published in the fourth edition of Leaves of Grass in 1867 under the heading President Lincoln’s Burial Hymn† (whitmanarchive.org). This has come to be considered as one of the best poems ever written by Whitman. When Lilacs Last in theShow MoreRelatedWalt Whitman Poetry Essay1685 Words   |  7 PagesWhitman’s Contribution to American Identity Walt Whitman’s portfolio of poetry was a crucial staple in the American identity. Whitman used his poetry to contribute to the evolution of self-reliance, human freedom and concepts of democracy. These influences can be seen throughout all of his poems, but more relevantly in â€Å"Song of Myself†, â€Å"For You O Democracy† and in â€Å"Live Oak, with Moss†. 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Whitman Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pages Dickinson vs. Whitman After receiving five years of schooling, Walt Whitman spent four years learning the printing trade; Emily Dickinson returned home after receiving schooling to be with her family and never really had a job. Walt Whitman spent most of his time observing people and New York City. Dickinson rarely left her house and she didnt associate with many people other than her family. In this essay I will be comparing Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman. Emily Dickinsons life differs greatly

Analysis Of Goleman s Three Dimensions Of Self Awareness

Understanding people, the way that manager delegate with employees and human moment are always a main key in any organization. In this assignment, I will discuss about three points above. Firstly, evaluating myself in term of Goleman’s three dimensions of self-awareness. Secondly, there are several advantages of delegation and the most important steps to decide a delegating in the organization. Finally, the meaning of â€Å"the vanishing human moment† and why it is a serious issue. Understanding yourself mean you need to know clearly about your emotion, behavior and how you look like. Understand about yourself means understand other people. It helps them react in different circumstances. In an organization, if the managers aware about†¦show more content†¦Finally, I might be limited in self-confident when I am in the situations which related to emotion problems. Sometime, these cases put pressure on me and I do not know how to solve it well. In any organizations, delegation regularly plays an important part and several benefits in the running effectively of an organization. Firstly, it is critical that the complicated progression will be broken down and assign to individual members. Because of this, it creates a connected working among them. Secondly, the managers also receive some personal benefits from delegation. They can have more time from the controlling the quantity of tasks that employees need to complete. The most important to support the advantages of delegation is that manager can detect abilities and push them to develop their talents. Moreover, managers can find out the most excellent worker. For example, from delegating, manager can defect and understand the skills, weakness, strength, work styles and personalities of staff. Hence, they can choose appropriate members to do the assignment which is suitable with the abilities of those members (Morake et al. 2012, p.156). As we talk about several advantages of delegation, it not only brings about the efficiency in management, but also develops employees. However, when the leaders decide to implement a delegating, they must calculate what will happen. If I decided to delegate a particular task,Show MoreRelatedThe Affect on Emotional Intelligence on Effective Leadership Essay2812 Words   |  12 PagesResearch Analysis and Proposal The Affect of Emotional Intelligence on Effective Leadership â€Å"Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage one’s own and others’ in order to guide one’s behavior and achieve goals† (Salovey, Mayer, 2005). In simple words, EI is the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions, that is, to regulate your own emotions, and the ability to cheer up or calm down another person. 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What the In-Crowd Wont Tell You About Best Common App Essay Samples

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BuBusiness Strategy Management Myers Australia†Free Samples for Stude

Question: Discuss about the Business Strategy Management Myers Australia. Answer: Introduction: The report is intended for accomplishing objectives of reviewing the strategy adopted by Myers Australia by referring to the relevant tools and concepts that are implemented for designing the strategy. The estimation of notable entities in the external environment as well as the internal environment of the organisation in the industry analysis, review of market forces and strategic capabilities of the enterprise allows the formulation of viable recommendations for improving the functionality of the existing strategy (Acquaah, 2013). Reforms introduced by Myers Australia in the recent strategic approaches could also be subjected to the analysis methods in order to determine beneficial modifications that can be introduced in the strategy of Myers. Therefore, the report is directed towards accomplishing objectives of obtaining credible insights into the probable course of action that could be helpful in enhancing the profits of the organisation alongside preventing superfluous mistakes (Aithal Aithal, 2016). The organisation under concern for this report, Myers, has acquired the position of the topmost retail organisation in Australia from its minimal beginnings in 1900 when the first store was established by its founder, Mr Sidney Myer. The experience of Mr Sidney Myer and his brother earned by working in a drapery store enabled them to acquire competences for engaging in retail businesses. The first store of Myers was opened in Bendigo which gradually culminated in the formation of the retail chain as it exists presently by the inclusion of adjacent properties to form a store with wide-ranging provisions and product assortments (Acquaah, 2013) The acquisition of adjacent properties for developing the first known Myer Emporium described the capability of the organisation to sustain itself in the retail industry. The expansion of the organisation in the subsequent years was promisingly observed in the opening of new Myers stores in Adelaide. However, the history of Myers achieved a potential twist with the marriage of Sidney Myer and Merlyn Baillieu that provided the necessary impetus in terms of finance to the organisation for sustainable development (Budayan, Dikmen Birgonul, 2015). Myers operates in the retail industry which is generically associated with higher levels of competition and is considerably larger in size. The limitations of the industry could be observed in the limited retail stores which lead to their classification as the major players in the departmental store industry (Burlton, 2015). However, Myers has a credible reputation in the retail industry owing to the implications stating its capability as a producer and a seller. The macro environment of the organisation comprises of political, environmental, economic, social and technological factors alongside emphasising on the market forces which have a potential impact on the strategic performance of the business organisation. The report presents the formidable indicators in the existing organisational strategy that could be detrimental for organisational performance. Specific limitations of the report are noted in the restricted sources of information alongside the profound lack of data pertaini ng to the evolving trends in the macro environment (Cescon, Costantini Rossi, 2013). Strategic analysis: Method The process of analysing an organisations strategy comprises of the imperative requirement for data collection instruments. Therefore the strategic analysis for this case of Myers Australia reflects on the use of primary and secondary data collection approaches that could facilitate access to credible information. The primary sources of information were implemented in the form of interview transcripts and questionnaire excerpts which involved the participation of company representatives. The primary sources of information are considered as credible inputs for determining the viability of the collected data and validating its relevance to the objectives of strategy analysis (Chang, 2016). The secondary sources of information accounted for access to data from media sources, industry report and online media which enabled improvement of the breadth, validity and breadth of the data available for macro-environmental analysis and analysis of situational forces observed in the market. The s ources of information could also be associated with profound outcomes pertaining to analysis of PESTEL, SWOT and market forces thereby providing comprehensive outcomes pertaining to the industry environment and the strategic position of Myers. The industry reports and online database searches enabled access to industry specific information which facilitated credible insights for the identification of profound elements which could lead to strategic improvements in the future (Chen, Eshleman Soileau, 2016). External analysis: The comprehensive interpretation of the external environment of Myers Australia could be indicative of the profound aspects pertaining to political, legal, economic, technological, social and environmental dimensions in the retail industry. Political factors associated with Myers macro environment in Australia refers to the political environment in a specific country (Dahlberg, Hokkanen Newman, 2016). The significance of a countrys political framework is significant for business growth alongside access to opportunities for sustainable improvement of infrastructure. The attitude of political parties towards the provision of flexible platforms for business development could also be a promising factor for Myers in acquiring the necessary strategic advantage. The implications of political stability are also directed towards the increasing interest of trading partners and foreign investors for engaging in business activities with Australia (Dickson McCord, 2016). The significance of pol itical stability can be apprehended on the grounds of the impact rendered by a political disturbance which implies a potential reduction in the interest of external investors and trading partners. The aspects of limited rates of return as well as the enhanced risk of failure of enterprises can be considered as prominent inhibitors for foreign entities to engage in trade relations with Myers. Considering the case of Myers Australia, the political stability in Australia is a profound indicator of minimal risks of loss in business performance (Myer, 2017). Economic factors are also considered as prominent influences on the strategic performance of Myers Australia and since retail sector organisations are largely involved with massive volumes of economic transactions and the association of the retail sector with a wide assortment of industries and agencies. The profound impacts that can be observed in the case of variations in economic dimension of a country refer to the possibilities of increasing inflation rates, unemployment rates and recession. The capital growth that is perceived in Australia facilitates viable opportunities in context of strategic business growth such as increasing property prices and reduced costs of living in major cities such as Adelaide, Melbourne and Brisbane wherein Myers has profound market presence (Fojcik, 2015). Economic stability in Australia is also a profound contributor to the characteristic economic indicators of the macro environment of Myers such as improving exchange rates, minimal inflation and unemployment rates. Therefore, the economic dimensions of Australia can be considered reasonably favourable for Myers to sustain development (Cescon, Costantini Rossi, 2013). The impact of social factors on the credibility of an enterprise could not be undermined and hence these factors are considered as major additions in the macro environmental analysis. Myers is vested in the retail industry and hence the strategic emphasis of the organisation lies on its customers that can facilitate cognizable opportunities for analysing the market effectively and placing recommendations for marketing strategies that could cater customer needs effectively alongside improving the experience of customers (Gewald, Hackenberg Weeger, 2015). The management of Myers has to recognise the implications that could be observed from the social dimension of the macro environment of the organisation. The analysis of social dimension of the external environment for Myers in Australia comprises of references to the social stratification observed in the society, the increasing population of immigrants for accessing employment opportunities and the socialisation activities which coul d require the attention of business organisations in their strategic initiatives (Fojcik, 2015). Technological factors are responsible for provision of viable opportunities to develop new products and implement unconventional processes that could lead to reduction in costs, innovation of product design and quality improvement. The benefits of technological factors are not only fruitful for customers in the form of enhanced value proposition but also for the organisations (Haley Haley, 2013). Myers could access prolific opportunities in research and development related to retail sector product innovation alongside integrated application of information systems. The promising opportunities that can be accessed from the research and development aspects refer prominently to the funding provided by government agencies for research activities. Despite the promising aspects that can be noted in case of the technological dimension of the macro environment of Myers Australia, the lack of coordination and effective communication between university researchers, government and the retail in dustry can lead to major pitfalls for Myers in its strategic approach (Hart, Sharma Halme, 2016). Environmental factors associated with the retail sector are largely directed towards the impact rendered by the organisation on its immediate environment. The reputation of Myers as the leading retail organisation in Australia as well as a producer of goods reflects on the necessity for maintaining sustainable association with socially responsible activities (Hill Jones, 2014). The environmental protection concerns are largely associated with the activities of Myers and hence the strategic approach of the organisation could be supported by community initiatives as well as industry specific measures to reduce the detrimental impacts rendered by Myers business operations (Hoffman Woody, 2013). Legal concerns for Myers could be noticed in the form of contractual issues such as compliance with regulations and precedents stated by the government. Myers engages in international trade with other trading partners which implies the requirement of comprehensive obligation to export and import regulations, refraining from association with terrorist agencies and validation of the credentials of foreign buyers and partners (Hsu, 2016). Therefore, it can be concluded that the social and technological domains reflect major impact on the strategic direction of Myers Australia and these should be emphasised upon to derive reasonable modifications in the strategy of the organisation (Yang, Kueng Hong, 2015). Referring to the market forces that can impinge potential impact on the strategic performance of Myers, it can be observed that Porters five forces facilitate adequate insights for this report. The five market forces are measured for intensities with which they affect the privileges enjoyed by the organisation in a specific market environment. The market forces include bargaining power of buyers and customers, the threat of new entrants and substitutes and competitive rivalry noticed in the industry environment. With respect to the case of Myers Australia, the market forces which impose a profound effect on strategic direction include the bargaining power of buyers and the threat of substitutes. Since Myers has acquired the major market share in the Australian retail sector, it does not face any profound threat of new entrants or competitive rivalry (Jocovic, et al., 2014). The implications of the bargaining power of suppliers could not be considered as major threats to Myers, since the presence of smaller retail stores alongside the increasing involvement of international firms in the Australian retail sector. Further, the availability of numerous suppliers is accountable for the privilege of retail organisations such as Myers to avail minimal switching costs between suppliers thereby reducing the bargaining power of suppliers. However, the prominent inferences that can be drawn with respect to the threat of substitutes cannot be undermined in the context of strategic analysis since the product lines offered by Myers such as clothing and electronics could be easily replaced by substitutes which provide similar products at minimal prices. Furthermore, the concerns related to increasing prevalence of online shopping could also increase the threat of substitutes (Langabeer Champagne, 2016). The bargaining power of buyers is a major concern for the strategic analysis of Myers since it involves profound references to the drastic variations in products in similar c ategories that facilitate opportunities for minimal switching costs leading to the higher bargaining power of buyers (Lay, 2016). The strategy canvas for Myers would therefore comprise of explicit references to the impact of technological and social macro environmental factors thereby indicating the role of innovation especially regarding identifying the implications that could be delivered by the market forces. Innovation could be a major contributor to the development of efficient information systems and lead to better market research opportunities which shall be considered by themanagement of Myers to deliver plausible strategic outcomes (Budayan, Dikmen Birgonul, 2015). Strategy Canvas Strategy Canvas of its Competitors Its an example of strategy canvas from other assignment. Strategic capability: The most influential competence that can be considered for Myers is branding and market positioning which could be analysed from the VRIO framework in order to present viable conclusions for strategic improvements (Mackay Zundel, 2016). The core competencies of Myers can be profoundly impactful on the competitive advantage of the firm. The noticeable factor which could be capitalised upon to deliver plausible results is observed in the association of the firms capabilities with the use of a primitive guidance framework based on the underlying assumptions of accomplishing strategic objectives (Mo, Mistilis Del Chiappa, 2015). The application of VRIO framework in the context of the strategic capability for branding can be illustrated in the form of a matrix as highlighted below. Value: Myers is able to utilise its branding competencies for obtaining a necessary competitive advantage over peers as well as international entrants which signify value of branding capabilities of the organisation. Imitability: The imitability of branding competence of Myers can be considered minimal owing to the value-added capabilities such as employee proficiency that supports the core competence of branding Rarity: On the dimension of rarity, the capability of Myers for branding could be questionable since other enterprises in the retail sector can implement their distinct resources for obtaining viable outcomes in branding. Organisation: The organisation aspect of strategic competence of branding in the case of Myers can be validated on the grounds of distinct marketing and positioning strategies as well as personnel assigned for completion of the objectives. SWOT analysis: Strengths: Market leader in Australian retail industry and a prolific brand identity. Efficient store positioning in the business environment. Customer relationships Product quality and variation Opportunities: Expansion into the online shopping environment Increasing the range of services and possibilities of favourable outcomes from customer relationshipmanagement applications. Weakness: Ambiguity among customers related to product pricing Product positioning weakens the strategy due to requirement of additional investments Threats: External environment especially in the form of complexity of the political environment. Increasing preferences among customers for online shopping rather than visiting the stores. Strategy and culture: The impact of culture can seen having a formidable effect in the context of social dimensions of the external environment of an organisation. The relation between business strategy and culture is highly significant for business organisations since the former is dependent on the culture followed in an organisation as well as in the immediate environment of the organisation. The strategic direction adopted by a company must be compatible with the culture ignoring which the mandatory observation of conflicts is imperative (Parry Lind, 2016). The cultural web model is a promising indicator of the effect that could be observed in strategic approach concerning the organisations culture. The paradigm of the cultural web model signifies profound association of the elements of organisational structures, symbols, power structures, control systems, stories and routines and rituals of the organisation (Ramli Iskandar, 2014). These factors could provide a cognizable interpretation of the existi ng scenario to the seniormanagement which can allow them to derive potential changes in the individual areas as well as question the authentic of the change initiatives applied for strategic purposes in Myers. The assessment of the cultural web model would facilitate credible opportunities in the form of identifying the blockages rendered by the change initiatives alongside presenting viable insights for resolution of potential business issues (Roberts Laurie, 2016). The cultural web is also helpful in signifying the impact that can be imposed by the strategy on particular components of the cultural web model. Competitive strategy: Myers Australia has the privilege of accessing cognizable opportunities in strategic improvement that could be derived from comprehensive analysis of the external environmental factors and internal competencies. The strategic focus of the organisation in the present scenario should be directed towards prolific branding initiatives that have to be unique for attaining favourable results (Smith, 2013). The branding initiatives of Myers have been identified as the major strategic capability of the organisation thereby referring to the probabilities for improving its strategic approach through a functional branding strategy. The wide assortment of products and the quality of the products could be held accountable for implementing strategic modifications. Myers could opt for changing customers perception about the organisation as a brand and increase customer involvement through the loyalty programs that could facilitate strategic advantage to the enterprise. Customers should be able to a pprehend the brand as a reliable source of high-quality products or services at minimal prices within an amiable shopping environment (Stewart, et al., 2014). The target market of Myers is vested in the upper middle class and the feminine sect of the population that can be capitalised upon to obtain reasonable strategic advantage for the organisation. The analysis presented in this report provide reasonable implications for improvement in the social and technological aspects of the external environment as well as prospects for capitalising on the branding competence that has been associated with value and rarity that can facilitate substantial competitive advantage to Myers. Since Myers is known as the market leader in the retail industry of Australia, it has the profound strength over other organisations and this could be leveraged for the acquisition of competitive advantage of the organisation. The organisation has to implement a comprehensive branding strategy comprising of effi cient promotional tactics that could attract customers alongside addressing the competitive environment in the Australian retail industry (Strategy, 2015). The other prolific opportunities that can be accessed by Myers in the Australian retail industry refer to the expansion of market presence by capitalising on the closure of stores of competitors. Another notable recommendation that can be included in the strategic direction of Myers for accomplishing competitive advantage is to increase the emphasis of marketing strategies on the product categories such as cosmetics and clothing since these product categories have depicted subtle performance levels. Therefore the competitive strategy of Myers could be strengthened by including the inferences from the external environment analysis and the analysis of market forces, internal competencies and performance of the strategic competence of branding that is possessed by the organisation (Subramanian, 2015). Business strategy statement: The mission statement of the Myers Australia is found to be that it wants to become the trusted resource all over the country in order to gain the success among all the local retailers. The organisation wants to be well recognised as the leading firm in terms of serving the needs of the customers and the interests of the local retailers in Australia (Tucker Parker, 2015). This is the future vision of the Myers. The main objective of the organisation is to sustain the competitive advantage by improving the business strategies both externally ad internally. Since this firm covers a wide range of products, its scope in the near future will increase with the kind of business strategies that are adopted by them (Williams, 2016). As the target market for this firm is middle-class individuals and the female category it has lots of advantages of enhancing their business vision (Wu, Gao Gu, 2015). Conclusion Creating the value for the long term with the limited number of resources that are available is the biggest challenge ever for the entrepreneurs. But this novel challenge was followed greatly by the Myers Australia since being the retail organisation; it has grown into the leading company and is sustaining the competitive growth in the marketplace. The target customers that are chosen by the company are the biggest advantage for their business strategies to have a future scope. The purpose of the company should be stronger than it would eventually drive them towards the growth and sustainability. For gaining the sustainable success, the company has to monitor its mission and vision strategies for making sure that it is serving well as per the customer needs. A constant and the consistent focus by having a strong emotional engagement with the company and the customers can bring wonders. Innovative business models should be adopted which are in advantage to the customers. References Acquaah, M., 2013. 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